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Writer's pictureMedicine Community & Research
Sep 3, 20243 min read

What Is Geographic Tongue?

By Aaria Lankireddy & Nysa Vinod

Image Credit: Nysa Vinod

Geographic tongue is also known as benign migratory glossitis. This condition is marked by red smooth patches on the tongue bordered by white or light-colored edges, giving it a map-like appearance. These patches keep appearing in different places of tongue and change shape over time on a day-to-day basis. While it is usually harmless, some people may experience discomfort, especially when consuming spicy, acidic, or salty foods. The condition is sometimes associated with a fissured tongue, where deep grooves or cracks form on the tongue's surface. Geographic tongue is not contagious and is not linked to any infections or cancer. 


Though the distinctive appearance of geographic tongue can easily cause anxiety, it usually doesn't require treatment. Most people manage the condition by maintaining good oral hygiene and avoiding foods that irritate the tongue. In rare cases, mild pain relievers or topical treatments may be recommended to alleviate discomfort. Despite its unusual look, Geographic tongue doesn't affect overall health and is often self-limiting.


Our tongue has an important function in taste sensation, which comes from taste receptor cells located in the clusters within taste buds on the tongue's surface.


Tongue Anatomy


Image Credit: Aaria Lankireddy

Causes

Geographic tongue is a condition where the tongue develops smooth, red patches with a white or light-colored border, resembling a map. The exact cause isn’t fully known, but several factors might contribute. Lifestyle choices like smoking and consuming spicy or acidic foods can irritate the tongue, while allergies and emotional stress can also play a role by affecting the immune system. Health conditions such as diabetes may make the tongue more sensitive, and psychological factors like anxiety might worsen symptoms.


There may be a genetic component, meaning if someone in your family has a Geographic tongue, you might be more likely to develop the same condition. Some studies suggest it could be linked to psoriasis, a skin condition that causes rapid skin cell growth. Often fissured tongue is seen among people in the same family. This leads us to believe that it is a hereditary condition. “Commonly affecting 6.8 - 11 % of the general population” (Jolene, 2024).  Males are usually affected more. Additionally, hormonal changes might be another contributing factor. Understanding these potential causes can help manage and alleviate the symptoms.


Symptoms

  • A burning feeling - the patient might experience sensitivity towards spicy or acidic food. 

  • Map-like appearance to the surface of the tongue - These patches keep appearing in different places of tongue.

  • Red patches and sores (lesions) on the tongue - “The tongue usually is covered with tiny, pinkish-white bumps called papillae. These papillae are fine, hairlike structures. With a geographic tongue, patches on the surface of the tongue are missing papillae.” (The Mayo Clinic Sept. 07, 2023).

  • Cracks or Fissures - fissures are deep grooves. They are single, prominent grooves that make a vertical line down the middle of your tongue, with smaller grooves branching out (spreading) from it (most common). “Grooves that crisscross or connect, dividing your tongue into what looks like segments or tiny “islands.” (My Cleveland Clinic, March 27 2024). 


Treatment

  • For mild cases of geographic tongue, pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce pain and inflammation. Topical anesthetics, like benzocaine or lidocaine, can be applied directly to the affected areas to numb the tongue and provide temporary relief from burning sensations.

  • Using a mild, alcohol-free mouthwash or a saltwater rinse may help soothe the tongue and promote healing. Mouthwash rinses with antihistamines are used to reduce swelling. 

  • Avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and spicy or acidic foods can also reduce discomfort. 

  • Corticosteroids are used to manage oral conditions that cause swelling

  • Vitamin B or zinc can support tongue health if deficiencies are suspected. 

  • Medications for fungal infections.

  • Eat a balanced leafy green vegetable diet and fruits: Consume a variety of nutrient-rich foods to ensure an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals that support oral health. Avoid fizzy drinks and have lots of water.

  • Since stress can contribute to geographic tongue flare-ups, practice stress-reduction techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or yoga.







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